Border regions play an important role in the history of the European integration process. On the borders of the "Inner Six", the first formal cross-border institutions were formed over 55 years ago; they aimed to reduce the weaknesses of border regions in competition with core areas. In the process of historical devel-opment, Euroregions cover a significant part of the borders, and not only in Central Europe. The topics of border regions' development and cross-border cooperation became an important part of European regional policy. In the context of regional policy, financial tools to support border region development were set in the form of individual programmes (CBC PHARE, INTERREG, Phare CREDO, Tacis CBC, CARDS, MEDA, Cíl3,EúS). Czech border regions underwent a fundamental change after joining the European Union in 2004, which applies the four freedoms, including the free movement of people. What is the Czech borderland residents' reflection on joining the European Union? Residents have not experienced signif-icant changes in living standards in the border regions after joining the European Union; however, the changes for the better outweigh the changes for the worse. Overall, joining the European Union has brought positive changes to the Czech borderland there are minor differences between its different sections. In terms of the residents' identity, there are noticeable differences in the identification of the population in the border areas with the concept of a European: there is a signifi-cantly higher proportion of identification in neighbouring border regions than in the Czech regions. © Springer International Publishing AG 2018.